1975 Tan Son Nhut C-5 accident

The Tan Son Nhut C-5 accident refers to the 4 April 1975 crash of 68-0218, a Lockheed C-5A Galaxy participating in Operation Babylift, which crashed on approach to an emergency landing at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam. The cause was ascribed to loss of flight control due to explosive decompression and structural failure. The incident marked the second operational loss and first fatal crash for the C-5 Galaxy fleet. It is also the deadliest accident involving a U.S. military aircraft.

Description
Early in April 1975 with much of South Vietnam overrun by North Vietnamese forces, the administration of President of the United States Gerald Ford began instituting the evacuation of American citizens. To avoid alarming the host country, U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Graham Martin authorized Americans to be flown out under several pretexts, one of which was Operation Babylift, in which American caregivers were paired with South Vietnamese orphans, most fathered by American servicemembers.

On the afternoon of Friday, 4 April 1975, C-5 68-0218, making the first flight of Operation Babylift, departed Tan Son Nhut Air Base for Clark Air Base in the Philippines. There, this first group of orphans were to transfer to charter flights and be welcomed by President Ford upon arriving in the United States at San Diego, California. At 4:15 p.m. the C-5A was over the South China Sea about 13 nautical miles (24 km) off Vũng Tàu, South Vietnam, flying a heading of 136 degrees and climbing to an altitude of 23,000 ft (7,010 m). At that moment the locks on the rear loading ramp failed, causing the cargo door to open explosively. This caused explosive decompression, temporarily filling the cabin with a whirlwind of fog and debris. The blowout severed control cables to the tail, causing two of four hydraulic systems to fail, including those for the rudder and elevator, and leaving the flight control with only the use of one aileron, spoilers, and power.

The pilot, Captain Dennis "Bud" Traynor, and copilot, Captain Tilford Harp, attempted to regain control of the airplane, and to perform a 180 degree turn in order to return to Tan Son Nhut. The aircraft began to exhibit phugoid oscillations, but the crew countered them and maintained a controlled descent of about 250 to 260 knots (288 to 299 mph; 463 to 481 km/hr). They were able to bring the plane to 4000 ft (1,219 m) and begin the approach to Tan Son Nhut's runway 25L. While turning on final approach, the crew increased power to arrest a rapidly increasing descent rate. The plane touched down at 4:45 p.m. in a rice paddy, but skidded for a quarter of a mile (0.4 km), went airborne for another half mile (0.8 km), crossing the Saigon River, then hit a dike and broke up into four pieces. The fuel caught fire and some of the wreckage was set ablaze.

Survivors struggled to extricate themselves from the wreckage. The crash site was in a muddy rice paddy near the Saigon River, one mile (1.6 km) from the nearest road. Fire engines could not reach the site, and helicopters had to set down some distance from the wreckage. About 100 South Vietnamese soldiers deployed around the site, which was near the site of an engagement with the Viet Cong the previous night. Out of 328 people on board, the death toll included 76 children, 34 Defence Attaché Office employees, five civilian dependents, 11 U.S. Air Force personnel, and eight nurses from foreign countries. There were 175 survivors. All of the surviving orphans were eventually flown to the United States. The dead orphans were cremated and reported to be interred at a Catholic cemetery in Pattaya, Thailand.

Some members of the United States Congress called for a grounding of C-5s. In the end, the fleet was put under severe operational restrictions for a number of months while the cause was established. However, United States Department of Defense officials commented publicly about Traynor's "remarkable demonstration of flying skill". The U.S. Air Force Accident Investigation Board attributed the survival of any on board to Captain Traynor's unorthodox use of power and his decision to crash-land while the aircraft allowed some control. Captains Traynor and Harp were awarded the Air Force Cross for extraordinary valor. Thirty-seven medals were awarded to crew members or their next of kin. Flight nurse Regina Aune received the Cheney Award for 1975.

In June 1975, a sister of a woman who died in the crash filed a USD $200 million class action lawsuit against the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, charging negligence.

Investigation
Given the explosive manner in which the rear doors failed, sabotage was initially suspected.

Many of the components were looted from the crash site, thereby complicating the investigation; the U.S. Air Force paid a bounty for parts from the wreckage in order to recover them from the local populace. The United States Navy amphibious cargo ship USS Durham, frigate USS Reasoner, and command ship USS Blue Ridge were assigned to search for the flight data recorder in the South China Sea. The recorder was found, and U.S. Navy ships and helicopters also discovered wreckage from the doors in the South China Sea as well as the body of a C-5 crewmember.

When the rear doors were eventually recovered from the sea, investigation determined that some of the locks had not engaged properly. Maintenance records showed that locks had been cannibalized for spares, then subsequently improperly refitted so that not all the door locks were engaging correctly. Furthermore, the flight crew confirmed that they had had difficulty closing the doors before take-off. As differential air pressure increased with altitude, the few locks that were working correctly were unable to bear the load, and the door failed.

Dramatization
The story of the disaster was featured on the seventh season of the Canadian National Geographic Channel show Mayday (known as Air Emergency in the United States, Mayday in Ireland, and Air Crash Investigation in the rest of the world). The episode is entitled "Operation Babylift."